Raws li ib qho tseem ceeb hlau ntxhia, tooj liab plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Nrog nws cov hluav taws xob zoo heev thiab thermal conductivity thiab corrosion kuj, nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob, kev tsim kho, machinery manufacturing, tiv thaiv lub teb chaws thiab ntau lwm yam teb. Txawm hais tias nws yog siab- cov kab xa hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov ntawv luam tawm hauv Circuit Court, cov roj teeb rau lub zog tshiab, tooj liab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam, tab sis kuj cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub teb chaws kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ruaj ntseg.
I. Kev faib tawm thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov peev txheej tooj liab
(I) Thoob ntiaj teb kev faib nyiaj tooj liab
Kev faib khoom thoob ntiaj teb tooj liab yog qhov tseem ceeb, feem ntau hauv Pacific Rim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Andes ntawm South America. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev faib tawm hauv tebchaws, Chile, Peru, Australia, Mexico thiab Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm lub tebchaws yog lub ntiaj teb cov khoom siv tooj liab loj. Ntawm lawv, Chile yog lub tebchaws uas muaj tooj liab nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, thiab nws cov nyiaj khaws cia tooj liab suav txog ntau dua 20% ntawm tag nrho cov peev nyiaj thoob ntiaj teb. Cov peev txheej tooj liab ntawm cov teb chaws no muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv, tab sis feem ntau muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov peev txheej loj, qib siab thiab cov mining zoo.
South America: feem ntau yog concentrated nyob rau hauv Chile thiab Peru, ob lub teb chaws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv tooj liab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Chile, uas nws tooj liab reserves nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Cov mines tooj liab no feem ntau muab faib rau hauv thaj av Andes.
North America: feem ntau yog concentrated hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Mexico, ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab hauv Tebchaws Meskas feem ntau yog nyob hauv Arizona, Nevada thiab lwm qhov chaw.
Oceania: Australia yog lub ntsiab tooj liab- tsim lub teb chaws hauv cheeb tsam, thiab nws cov peev txheej tooj liab kuj muaj ntau.
Cov pob zeb tooj liab hauv cov teb chaws no feem ntau yog faib rau hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb tectonic, xws li Copper Belt cheeb tsam hauv Zambia.
Asia: Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb thiab lwm lub teb chaws kuj muaj qee cov peev txheej tooj liab. Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv tooj liab feem ntau yog muab faib rau hauv Jiangxi, Yunnan, Anhui thiab lwm qhov chaw.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab loj- cov teb chaws tsim tau txawv, xws li Chile cov nyiaj khaws cia tooj liab, qib siab, cov mining tej yam kev mob kuj zoo; thaum Tuam Tshoj cov peev txheej tooj liab muaj qhov sib txawv, qib qis, kev nyuaj hauv mining.
(ii) Kev faib khoom ntawm tooj liab hauv Suav teb
Txawm hais tias Tuam Tshoj cov peev txheej tooj liab kuj tsis zoo, tseem muaj qee qhov kev faib tawm.
Tibet thiab Yunnan: ob cheeb tsam no yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab uas nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb, nrog rau cov tooj liab loj. Ntawm lawv, Yulong tooj liab mine hauv Tibet yog ib qhov loj tshaj plaws tooj liab mines nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, muaj ntau reserves thiab qib siab.
Jiangxi thiab Anhui cheeb tsam: Ob cheeb tsam no kuj yog qhov chaw faib khoom tseem ceeb rau cov peev txheej tooj liab hauv Suav teb. Dexing Copper Mine hauv Jiangxi yog qhov qhib loj tshaj plaws - qhov chaw tooj liab hauv Suav teb, nrog rau cov mining zoo. Tongling cheeb tsam hauv Anhui kuj tseem muaj cov peev txheej tooj liab.
Xinjiang thiab Inner Mongolia: Txawm hais tias cov cheeb tsam no nyob deb heev, lawv kuj muaj qee qhov peev txheej tooj liab. Fuyun County hauv Xinjiang thiab lwm qhov chaw yog cov chaw tsim khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab.
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm reserves, Tuam Tshoj tus tooj liab peev reserves kuj me me, accounting rau tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tag nrho reserves. Lub caij no, Tuam Tshoj cov peev txheej tooj liab feem ntau yog qib qis thiab nyuaj rau mine, uas ua rau kom tus nqi thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm kev khawb rau qee yam.
Qhov thib ob, kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tsim cov peev txheej tooj liab
(I) Kev tshawb nrhiav technology thiab cov txheej txheem
1. Kev soj ntsuam Geological
Geological daim ntawv qhia: Los ntawm cov txheej txheem geological mapping, stratigraphic division thiab tectonic tsom xam ntawm lub hom phiaj, peb tuaj yeem nkag siab txog cov keeb kwm hauv cheeb tsam thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim tooj liab. Qhov no yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tooj liab, uas tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm geological rau kev tshawb nrhiav tom ntej.
Kev tshawb nrhiav geophysical: suav nrog kev tshawb nrhiav lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, kev tshawb nrhiav hlau nplaum thiab kev tshawb nrhiav hluav taws xob. Cov txheej txheem no siv qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev ntawm lub cev ntawm lub cev tooj liab thiab cov pob zeb nyob ib puag ncig (xws li qhov ntom ntom, hlau nplaum, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam) txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov muaj nyob thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub cev tooj liab. Piv txwv li, kev tshawb nrhiav lub ntiajteb txawj nqus infers cov qauv geological thiab cov khoom siv pob zeb hauv av los ntawm kev ntsuas lub ntiajteb txawj nqus anomalies los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntom ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av; Kev tshawb nrhiav magnetic siv cov magnetic teb anomalies tshwm sim los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov pob zeb kom pom cov qauv geological thiab cov peev txheej ntxhia.
Kev tshawb nrhiav Geochemical: los ntawm kev sau cov qauv ntawm cov av saum npoo av, pob zeb, cov dej hauv av, thiab lwm yam., txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tooj liab thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv kev faib tawm, thiab ncig thaj chaw tsis zoo ntawm tooj liab mineralization. Txoj kev no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tooj liab vim nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov geochemical anomalies ntawm tooj liab mineralization.
2. Kev ntsuas qhov deb thiab GIS thev naus laus zis
Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob nyob deb: siv cov sensors ntawm satellites lossis dav hlau kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hauv av, thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv geological thiab cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv cuam tshuam txog tooj liab mines los ntawm kev ua cov duab thiab kev txhais lus. Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob hauv cheeb tsam muaj qhov zoo ntawm qhov dav dav, cov ntaub ntawv loj, kev daws teeb meem siab, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem tau txais cov ntaub ntawv geological ntawm thaj tsam tooj liab.
GIS technology: Geographic Information System (GIS) plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tooj liab. Nws tuaj yeem koom ua ke thiab ua cov txheej txheem geological, geophysical, geochemical thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv ntau - los txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm tooj liab ore lub cev txheeb xyuas thiab kev tshawb nrhiav efficiency. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, GIS thev naus laus zis kuj tuaj yeem siv rau kev kwv yees ntawm cov peev txheej tooj liab, kev ntsuam xyuas cov peev txheej peev txheej thiab kev saib xyuas cov peev txheej tsim kho thiab kev siv.
3.R & D thiab txhawb nqa kev tshawb nrhiav kev siv tshuab siab heev
Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, ntau thiab ntau ntxiv kev tshawb fawb thev naus laus zis tau tsim thiab siv hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tooj liab. Piv txwv li, peb -dimensional seismic exploration technology, high-precision gravity exploration technology, high-resolution remote sensing technology thiab hais txog. Kev siv cov thev naus laus zis no ntxiv txhim kho qhov tseeb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tooj liab.
Lub caij no, tsoomfwv thiab cov koom haum cuam tshuam kuj tseem txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho thiab txhawb nqa cov thev naus laus zis tshawb nrhiav. Los ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tshiab, ua tiav cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab tsim cov txuj ci tshwj xeeb, qib kev txawj ntse thiab kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tooj liab tau raug txhim kho tas li.
(ii) Kev loj hlob thiab kev siv
1. Kev siv tshuab mining
Qhib- qhov mining: qhib- qhov mining yog ib txoj hauv kev siv tooj liab. Nws muaj feem xyuam rau qhov xwm txheej uas lub cev ore yog ntiav ntiav, txheej txheej txheej yog nyias thiab lub cev ore yog loj hauv nplai. Qhib- qhov mining muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, tus nqi qis thiab kev nyab xeeb zoo.
Kev khawb av hauv av: thaum lub cev pob zeb hauv av tau faus tob dua lossis cov xwm txheej hauv av nyuaj, cov txheej txheem hauv av feem ntau siv. Kev siv thev naus laus zis hauv av suav nrog kev ua cov mining, cov txheej txheem huab cua mining thiab lwm txoj hauv kev zoo mining. Cov txheej txheem no txhim kho cov mining efficiency thiab cov peev txheej rov qab los ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb.
2. Mineral ua thiab smelting
Cov txheej txheem tau txais txiaj ntsig: tooj liab ore tuaj yeem tau txais tooj liab mloog zoo tom qab crushing, sib tsoo, flotation thiab lwm yam kev pab cuam. Flotation yog ib txoj hauv kev siv ntau tshaj plaws, uas tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm zoo -grained embedded tooj liab sulfide ores thiab tooj liab oxide ores.
Smelting txoj kev: tooj liab concentrate yog ces smelted kom tau ntshiab tooj liab los yog tooj liab alloy. Smelting txoj kev muaj xws li pyrometallurgical smelting thiab ntub smelting. Pyrometallurgical smelting yog cais tooj liab thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab mloog zoo los ntawm kub smelting; ntub smelting yog rho tooj liab los ntawm cov ore los ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Kev kawm txuj ci: Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, ore hnav khaub ncaws thiab smelting thev naus laus zis kuj tseem tsim kho tshiab thiab txhim kho tas li. Piv txwv li, kev siv cov tshuaj ore hnav khaub ncaws tshiab txo cov kev siv tshuaj thiab txhim kho qhov Performance index ntawm ore hnav khaub ncaws; daim ntawv thov kev tswj tsis siv neeg thev naus laus zis paub txog kev tswj tsis siv neeg thiab kev tswj xyuas ntse ntawm ore hnav khaub ncaws txheej txheem.
3. Kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov
Kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig: Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov peev txheej tooj liab, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig zoo yuav tsum tau coj los txo qhov kev puas tsuaj thiab kev ua qias tuaj ntawm ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, kev siv cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm zoo ib puag ncig, ntxiv dag zog rau kev kho cov dej khib nyiab thiab cov roj pov tseg, kev siv cov ecological restoration thiab av reclamation thiab lwm yam kev ntsuas.
Sustainable Development Strategy: Txhawm rau kom paub txog kev siv tooj liab kom ruaj khov, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim ib lub tswv yim kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov thiab tsim nyog. Qhov no suav nrog kev ntsuas xws li ntxiv dag zog rau kev tswj hwm cov peev txheej, txhawb kev txuag cov peev txheej thiab rov ua dua tshiab, thiab txhim kho kev siv peev txheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem yuav tsum tau ntxiv dag zog rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm kom muaj kev txhawb zog rau kev siv tooj liab kom ruaj khov.
